General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade Essays - International Trade

General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade ELECTRONIC COMMERCE Washington in duty-free move The US is seeking to extend the duty-free status of international online transactions to protect the development of global electronic commerce, the Clinton administration said yesterday. Susan Esserman, deputy US trade representative, said the US wanted the World Trade Organization to agree at the earliest possible date to extend the current moratorium on customs duties for electronic trade. In testimony to the Senate foreign relations sub-committee on Europe, Ms Esserman said duty-free cyberspace was particularly valuable to US software companies that were seeking to distribute their products electronically. The US is also looking for WTO members to affirm that electronic commerce is subject to existing rules and agreements, and should not face unnecessary regulatory barriers to trade. However Ms Esserman said more time and work are necessary before electronic goods could be subject to final classification under WTO rules. Electronic commerce in the US is forecast to grow to $1,300bn by 2003, while in India it is expected to grow by $15bn within two years. Richard Wolffe, Washington Protectionism, it seems, is always with us and it is useful to examine the intermittent attempts made to establish rules for its containment. This book is one such examination, on the conception, birth, and early years of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); it is restricted to the years 1940--53. It is the work of an historian but one at the political, rather than economic, end of the spectrum. The heavy emphasis throughout is on the American role within an essentially Anglo-American tussle. The argument is that although trade was a relatively small proportion of US output it was used for political and diplomatic purposes. The general thrust is that the US was keen on a new liberal order and determined to break the British empire's preferential trading arrangements. However, when we read that the central argument is that, 'by liberalizing trade while protecting domestic economies -- a bargain consistent with US trade law, practice, and history ...', we might reasonably expect to be in for a roc ky ride. Politics is important and possibly even central in the process of trade protection, but will always be found to depend on economic forces. The politics here might well be overdone. The whole story is presented as a struggle between the US and Britain/British empire. Although this tension is an old story, Zeiler takes it further and argues that the Commonwealth had 'a major hand in shaping the GATT order' (p.197). It is a complex story of negotiations taking place under conditions of extreme difficulty, and the author has worked diligently in the American, British and Commonwealth country archives. There is, however, a lot that raises the eyebrows of the economic historian. Within a few lines of the opening we read that, 'global business leaders ... seek a commercial regime unfettered by barriers'. This is rather the antithesis of the conventional understanding of businessmen almost invariably (and nowhere more so than in the US), seeking protection. And running against the conventional view (without seemingly noticing) is the idea that America is the home and inspiration of free trade. The British in the 1930s opted for, 'Regulated, rather than American style market, capitalism ... ' (p.20). Or again, 'Free trade frightened the British' (p.39). And richest of all, 'The British simply would not accept the free trade doctrine' (p.24). Zeiler suggests that free trade was key to the American economy ignoring the fact that America had been one of the most protectionist countries for most of its history. This is unfortunate and results in a distortion of the argument, for of the GATT negotiations Zeiler say s the British were not willing partners in pursuit of lower trade barriers. At certain times that may have been true but it did not derive from long-term hostility. Nevertheless, in the closing pages of the book the author does concede that the US was no unilateral free trader. Running alongside this idiosyncratic view is an account of the British economy that is surely at odds with the facts. It is a picture of pathetic feebleness: 'Great Britain faced a future of decline and hardship. Its once predominant global position lay in tatters' (p.2O). 'Their economy was in a shambles ...' (p.39). While the book is well written there is a danger of the story being presented in overly dramatic terms (hinted at in the title), and at times a frivolous and dismissive tone creeps in -- 'From his perch in the Treasury Department, Keynes ...'. And there are occasional lapses in accuracy

buy custom Law Enforcement Technology essay

buy custom Law Enforcement Technology essay According to Reichert, the contribution of technology in the last two decades has majorly been attributed to development in both the computer and communication technologies. The law enforcement has not been left out either. Reichert (2001) notes that the department has since 1990s involved itself in carrying out various researches while also trainings its staff in the relevant computer knowledge. Technology has enabled the department to improve the way it transmits data. Most significant, is the attractive and user friendly graphic interface. These advancements have greatly increased the capacity of the department in collecting, storing, analyzing and sharing of the data within and across relevant departments. However, such technological advancements have not come without challenges to the law enforcement agencies. John and Champion (2007) also noted that technologies have as well been used by the law breakers to coordinate their illegal activities. This write up looks at the advancement in law enforcement technology over the years and their impact in law enforcement. Positive Contributions of Technology to Law Enforcement For any meaningful achievement in the work of the law enforcement department there must be a medium which could help increase cooperation between communities and the police. Mitchell (2002) denotes that prevention of crime is the responsibility of both the police and the community. The law enforcement department has today taken advantage of the prevalent use of the social network, the internet and state of the art communication technology. This has greatly helped bridge the communication between the police and the community (Mitchell, 2002). According to John Champion (2007), crime prevention is a multidimensional undertaking. It engages different groups starting with the police, members of the society, the law courts and the correction facilities. However, in order to prevent crime from occurring, there is a need to stop it at its source. According to Mitchell (2002), the best way of minimizng incidences of crime, is by developing a system that easily identifies and reports criminal activities. This requires an excellent law enforcement technology that would enable easier collection, storage, analysis and sharing of information relating to crime. Reichert (2001) identifies two aspects of police work in which technology has played a significant contribution. These are crime mapping and information sharing. Over the past decade, the use of computers to map crime has continuously increased. According to Reichert (2001), this phenomenon is attributable to the developments in geo-information systems (GIS) and improvements in theoretical analysis and investigation of crime. Reportedly, a combination of GIS and mapping software in computers has significantly increased capacity to extract and analyze data. This technology has widely been used because of its ease in implementation and efficiency in data analysis. Reichert (2001) noted that technologies have also allowed the concerned individuals within the law enforcement echelon to share the gathered information by other enforcement officers. This has been possible through a pull of information called a database resulting from the created networks and internetworks that connect all law enforcement officers within the given described region. According to Reichert (2001), technology has allowed a fully integrated system with careful planning, and coordination among the concerned law enforcement agencies. With advancement in technology, the challenge of information security is quickly being addressed. Technology has presently ensured optimum security of the stored information as it makes it easy for the law enforcement agencies to control access and consistently manipulate the stored data. Ratchet (2001), notes that presently the department has developed a system in which access rights to the shared resource are defined based on seniority among the officers and urgency of cases tackled. He added that most law enforcement technologies have also provided a window through which members of the public can provide input relating to crime or suspects. Examples of the Technologies in Use Mitchell (2002) denotes that there are plentiful of such systems of law enforcement used globally to sponsor police work. In my view, the most outstanding system is one currently used by the Chicago Police Department (CPD). Reichert (2001) explains that, the CPD developed a computer based system called CLEAR which stands for Citizen and Law Enforcement Analysis and Reporting CPD. The program has helped in tapping the information technology to guide in more effective management of different sectors. It has also helped reinforce the community partnerships while also enhancing the sharing of information with other criminal justice and agencies (Reichert, 2001). Apart from this technology there has also been the public Video Surveillance which has widely been used as an effective crime prevention tool. It involves the use of CCTV to capture every action taking place within a give range of distance. The technology has been installed in various towns and cities across the globe to help in crime prevention. Technology Related Challenges In spite of the benefits it has afforded law enforcement officers, technology still poses significant challenges in their line of work. There are several technology related crimes which have posed great challenges to the law enforcement department because of their faster rate of advancement. The operations of criminal organizations like those dealing with drug trafficking have also been enhanced through the very technology. Though several attempts have been made to find solutions to such problems, there have been major draw backs emanating from issues relating to privacy, harassment by the established autocracies, security concerns and the overall cost of implementation. Conclusion In conclusion, though it has come with its costs, the proper use of law enforcement technologies has gradually increased capacity and effectiveness of combating crime. Buy custom Law Enforcement Technology essay

Web security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Web security - Essay Example This is because websites, web applications and web services, all being components of web security, create integral part of the daily operations of these industries and organisations. Information sharing or business or service delivery of these organisations now faces a lot of dangers. From invasion of their privacy, information theft, sabotage, black mailing to compromising corporate operation and end user activities. Web security analysis by various stakeholders has established that the web security threats typically result from mistakes in coding or programming the website, poor input and output sanitisation of a website. These mistakes have left a hole exploited by the hackers’ community to launch attacks on websites. The security of the web application, underlying operating system and computer network is at risk. The existence of exploit paths on a web system and the magnitude of that exploit path can be evaluated continuously to assess the risk level to the business. The type of web attack launched by hackers depends on many factors. Most factors are unique to the web attack as will be discussed in this essay. The essay will also examines the nature of these web attacks, details of their vulnerabilities, the risk levels they may raise and how to control or reduce the risk web attacks poses to organisational information and business operations. Web security risks in the name of defaced, hacked or web broken into have increased with the significant increase of the internet usage. A threat is anything that causes worry or fear, especially, because of the events there after (Consequences). Web security threats are increasing and causing big fear in organisations or individuals. According to Stuttard and Pinto (2008), the most serious attacks against web application are those that expose sensitive data or gain unrestricted access to the backend systems on which the application is running. Apparently, the total number of reported web

Romantic Literacture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Romantic Literacture - Essay Example Romantics whether poets or painters, whatever the artist’s inclination was during the Romantic era; pursued their passions with the aim of stirring people’s emotions. Feelings are among the foci of Romanticism and they achieved this with the use of everyday circumstances that most of the people could relate to. For Coleridge and Wordsworth, perhaps one of their ideals was that literary works are worthless when they are not understood by their audiences and that they desired to touch the common people who were unable to appreciate poetry because of their social status. Before the Romantic era, poetry was for the rich, they were written for and by those who had the advantage of being educated and have the luxury of time so that the time of the two most prominent poets attracted ordinary people and actually started the birth of poetry in them. The subject matters during this period were about common events that ordinary people live, based from observations and experiences so that it purposefully allows the reader or listener to the poems or other literary works to be able to understand and ‘feel’ what the poem is all about. ... people observed by poets but also about those who lived around them, acquaintances and loved ones as well and other observations like Youth and Age which talk about the suggested topic. Other subject matters in this era is about feelings which are exemplified by the works of Coleridge like ‘Desire’, ‘Love a Poem’, The Presence of Love’ and ‘Dejection’ to name a few. Another important subject of the romantics is nature. One of the things that naturally stir up man’s emotions is nature whether beautiful or not, a good thing or a disastrous one, romanticism does not just focus on the good things but delves in the facts of life. This is one good argumentative point on the comment of Wu, as we look back to it saying the word romantic during the time of Coleridge and Wordsworth is fanciful. If it were, then the life they had then that was pictured in their poems was fanciful? In addition, those who live life with passion, emotions and as observed during those times, would then called fanciful as well? Probably, to understand more deeply the hearts of the Romantic poets, an individual has to put himself in that situation for him to be able to understand the reality of the situation before making comments that may degrade people who worked hard to establish their names. ‘Light’ is a word that shows how Wu has taken lightly the hard works of Romantic poets. It could have been hard work for them to have observed and meditated about the circumstances and events they wanted to write about so that it would entirely be insensitive for Wu to have referred to their works as ‘light’. Light for me is evasive which when we look into the Romantic literary works will not be evidenced by even one of them as the poets stuck to the objective of the era, that is to

Business Environment And Strategic Management Assignment

Business Environment And Strategic Management - Assignment Example has necessitated these firms or the industries to invest in new technology or new systems that assist in reducing costs while at the same time enhances efficiency, which in turn results in higher profits. It is important to note that such initiatives are not the preserve of firms and industries in the higher echelons. This means that company CEO or industry leaders are increasingly on the lookout to for demands that are strategic and complement fully the operations of the firm or groups of firms in the industry. Various firms in a bid to be ahead of the pack are increasingly adopting new developments such as mobile technology and the rampant usage of social networking. There are strategic roles that new technology have with regard to a firm or an industry, this paper will initially look into them thereafter look into factors which may hamper the diffusion of such new technology. Additionally, the paper will consider a specific product or process innovation in an organization then analyse the corporate objectives for such an investment. Finally the paper will Identify and discuss factors which may have helped or hindered the adoption of this new technology within the organisation. The significance of strategies for not only firms but also the entire industries has been always stressed in the strategic management. Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson (2010, p.334) observed that ‘†¦corporate strategies†¦ Allow firms to search for new markets †¦and technologies to outdo their rivals’. A number of literatures on strategic management have pointed out that firms adoption of new technologies can be directly linked to strategic roles that a firm’s management hierarchy intends to pursue. Various firms adopt these strategies to show critical and important stages they must follow in order to achieve their target organizational objectives. The available strategic management theories often cite two important models of strategic decision-making: the incremental and the

Kurdish Conflict Regulation

Kurdish Conflict Regulation 1.4. Definitions As Milton- Edwards says, before examining the specific manifestations of the main subject, it is important to outline some of other important related definitions (2008). To analyze and discuss Kurdish conflict regulation in the Republic of Turkey, one needs to define Turkey’s system in relation to the Kurds as an ethnic minority in that country. Ethnicity and its related issues are important enough for scholars to consider it as one of main forces to shape the world. Brass claims â€Å"ethnicity and nationalism, interethnic conflicts, and secessionist movements have been major forces shaping the modern world and the structure and stability of contemporary states† (1991). Zuelow in ‘Nationalism Journals’ like Brass about national identity and its potency says national identity has been one of the principals force shaping the course of history, certainly since the French Revolution† (1999). In addition, he believes that national identity has played a key role in revolutions, wars and state-formation (Ibid). When people of different ethnicity are living in one territory and one group generally has the majority rule on other groups in non-democratic ways, it is the starting point of conflict. Bruce Gilley defined â€Å"ethnic conflict as sustained and violent conflict by ethnically distinct actors in which the issue is integral to one ethnicity† (2004, 1160). In the same source, he uses other terms such as ‘ethnic violence’ or ‘ethnic war’ for ethnic conflict (Ibid, 1155). ‘Ethnic conflict regulation’ is the other term should be defined here. There are many definitions for ethnic conflict regulation in different references. Wolff believes â€Å"conflict regulation comprises three elements: prevention, management, and settlement: Conflict prevention aims at channeling conflict into non-violent behavior by providing incentives for peaceful accommodation. Conflict management is the attempt to contain, limit or direct the effects of an ongoing ethnic conflict. Conflict settlement aims at establishing an institutional framework in which the conflicting interests of different ethnic groups can be accommodated to extent the incentives to non-violent and cooperation condition† (2009, 1). Ilievski Wolff define ethnic conflict regulation through institutional design that conflicts can be resolved via an institutional bargain that establishes macro-level structures through which disputes among the conflict parties can be addressed politically and without recourse to violence† (2010, 5-6). McGarry and OLeary claim, â€Å"The term of ‘regulation’ is inclusive and it covers both conflict termination and conflict management. Eight distinct macro-methods of ethnic conflict regulation can be distinguished into two methods for eliminating differences and methods for managing differences† (1993, 4). The Republic of Turkey was founded on the main principles, or ‘six arrows’, of Kemalism. These principles are republicanism, nationalism, secularism, populism, statism and revolutionism (Los Angeles Times 2014). Kemal Ataturk and his followers have defined Turkey as a pro-Western, modern and democratic country. The two subjects of ethnic minority rights and Islamism, based on two principles of Turkish nationalism and secularism, were taboo for many decades. The Welfare Party in the general election for the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) in 1995 captured the majority of seats. Necmettin Erbakan came to power as the first Islamist Prime Minister in the Republic of Turkey in 1996. Although the age of his Cabinet was just one year, it was enough to break the taboo of the secularism principle as a ban for Islamist political parties. Nonetheless, the years of 1990s and Ãâ€"zal’s speeches about Kurdish people as an ethnic minority in Turkey, can be looked as a s tarting point, at least one decade was needed to start to break the one-nation-one- state idea in Turkey. In respect of Kurdish ethnic regulation in Turkey, the definition of ‘Double Standard’ seems to fit with institutions and constitutional laws in Turkey. â€Å"Double standard is a situation in which two people or groups are treated very differently from each other in a way that is unfair to one of them† (merriam-webster dictionary 2014) or â€Å"a set of principles that applies differently and usually more rigorously to one group of people or circumstances than to another† (QA.com) and (Ibid). Park, referring to Guney (2006-2007) and Uslu (2008a) says, â€Å"a major explanatory factor behind Turkey’s resistance to the adoption of more contrition to the Armenian fate, or a more inclusive embracing of its Kurdish citizens, is the intensity of Turkish nationalism (2012, 23). The ‘Turkish history thesis’ insist that the Turks of central Asia constituted the world’s first civilized people, who had provided the root of all other world civilizations (Park 2012,23). Associated with the history thesis was the ‘Sun language theory’ which claims that â€Å"Turks were the originators of language itself and that all other languages were thus derived from or linked to it (Cagaptay 2002; Arkman 2006)† (Park 2012,24). Security systems, militaristic approaches, economic and human rights conditions in West and Center of the country, or overall for Turks, has been different from non-Turk minorities in Turkey. Kurds, as approximately 20% of Turkeys population, have been forbidden from the basic rights for about one century. In the meantime, supporting the rights of the Turkish language population as citizens of other countries has been one of the main principles of Turkeys Foreign Policies. These types of different approaches can be described as forms of a double standard policy. Sometimes these dual policies have caused conflict for Turkey and have pushed the country from a zero-problem to a zero-friend situation. Park, when defining the Republic of Turkey, refers to Yavuz and Eposito (2003:xx1) in that they claim â€Å"when Ataturk died in 1938, Kemalism was ‘neither democratic nor liberal but Authoritarian, elitist, and ideological† (2012, 13). However, Urrutia and Villellas look at Turkey as a ‘consolidating democracy’ (2012, 2) in their description of Turkey’s system. Gulcan Saglam (2012) looks at Turkey under the rule of AKP as a ‘semi-democratic state’ that may be more compatible with the current conditions in Turkey and useful for this study. A semi-democratic state is defined as a state that has democratic principles and an authoritarian rule in practice at the same time, but they are neither entirely authoritarian nor fully democratic. The semi-democratic state, by Akinola (2013) definition, is â€Å"a state that supports democracy as an idea, but fails to reach the application of its principles.The principles of freedom speech and association, free and fair election as well as transparency in government constitute essential characters of the democratic state†. Saglam says â€Å"in semi-democratic political settings with strong authoritarian actors, political parties that build broad coalitions consisting of various power centers in the society via group specific policy promises will be more likely to shift the balance of power in favor of themselves than actors that lack such connections† (2012, 37-8). He believes â€Å"The AKP is the first Islamist political party in Turkey that pursued this strategy, and it was these group-specific policy promises that eventually helped the Party to repel the Kemalist state structure and shift the balance of power in favor of itself† (Ibid). 1.5. The Problem and Rationale Ethnic identity and ethnic conflict have been the most complicated issues among societies and have remained as double bind ties in domestic, regional and international levels, especially in developing countries. Ethnic conflict has a connection and interrelation with other themes such as gender, political economy and democratization in different aspects (Milton-Edwards 2008, 1). Beavis asserts that â€Å"ethnic conflict studies can be seen as a source for understanding international relations but single book; concept or theory is not able to explain such a complex phenomenon in its entirety† (1999-2012). Ethnic conflict is often considered as a local or intra-state issue, but indeed, it has had effect on both intra-state and inter-state relations. The Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) answers the question ‘How many conflicts were there in the world in 2011?’ (UCDP 2011) and clarifies the number and rank of ‘intrastate conflicts’ in comparison to other kinds of conflict in that year, claiming that â€Å"in 2011, UCDP recorded 37 active armed conflicts†(Ibid). Based on the same source, from thirty-seven armed conflicts in 2011 that took place in 30 different parts of the world, 27 of them were intrastate, nine intrastate with foreign involvement. Cambodia-Thailand (common border) was the only case among them registered as interstate conflict. Turkey was among five Middle Eastern countries having intrastate Kurdish conflict; that it did not introduce to a level of war until 2011. The above chart from UCDP (2013) shows the type and number of armed conflicts from 1946-2012. It shows the extra state conflict just until 1974, interstate conflicts have decreased and internationalized conflicts have had slow increase since 2004. However, the numbers of intrastate conflicts have had significant increase especially from the 1960’s. In comparison with international wars from 1950s, Civil Wars have been more frequent and more durable. Ethnic wars have been main part of civil wars. For instance, 55% in 1970 and 72% in 1991 of civil wars have been ethnic wars. During the 1990s, more than 200 ethnic minorities or subordinate majorities in the world have struggled to achieve their political rights ( Johnson 2008). Caselli and Coleman refer to Fearon and Laitin (2003) in that from 1945 to 1999, the numbers of ethnic civil wars have been 58, equal to 51% of all civil wars in that period; and they believe that more silent and worth noting are the non-violent conflicts (2011). In some countries, ethnic groups compete through overtly ethnic parties, and compete for power, but in others, a dominant group discriminates against and exploits the others (Ibid). â€Å"Esman (1994, 229) believes when an ethnic group gains control of the state, important economic assets are soon transferred to the members of that community† (Ibid 2011, 2). Gilley disagrees with some definitions of the concept of ethnic conflict and looks at it as a critic, but, he accepts the importance and widespread of this conflict in reality. He looks the rise amount of researches and academic studies in this field as a ‘major growth industry’ and he has made reference to the number of published books and online articles in specific periods in comparison with previous periods. He claims that the ethnic conflict issue is a more attractive subject to be studied by new journals and research centers. He announces that the numbers of published books and online articles in the English language under the title of ‘ethnic conflict’ have been 43 books since 1990 in comparison to 17 before that and 249 online academic English-language articles with the title of ‘ethnic conflict’, but just 23 articles under the ‘class conflict’ title for the same years (2004). McGarry and O’Leary refer to deep geo-political changes in different parts of the world, especially in Africa; for instance in Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Namibia and Zimbabwe and finally in South Africa by extinction of Apartheid regime in the last decades of 20th century. All of them show the power of ethnicity to mobilize populations and create mass movements to redefine the borders. They say, â€Å"The renewed instability of state frontiers is merely one symptom of the global political power of ethnic consciousness and conflict† (1993, 2), and they say, â€Å"a reason why ethnic questions are potentially explosive, and raise the possibility that some people(s) will be tempted to exercise self-determination through secession is simple. Ethnic questions raise relatively non-tradable issues. It is obvious nationality, language; territorial homelands and culture are not bargain-able products (Ibid 1993). Previous explanations and definitions show the importance and role of ethnicity, nationalism and ethnic conflicts and its rank in academic research. Kurdish ethnic conflict is one of the most complex issues in the Middle East. Kurds have struggled for more than one century for freedom and to achieve self-determination in Kurdish regions. The states that have controlled parts of Kurdistan have denied, suppressed and assimilated Kurds. It has brought unfavorable consequences for all sides. Turkey as having approximately 20% of its population as Kurdish minority, basing its state on Kemalism ideology and Turkish nationalism, has been one of the most atrocious regimes against Kurdish political movements. The bloody violence from 1984 between PKK and Turkey’s military has taken place. The consequences of that war have been more than 40,000 deaths, more disabled people, imprisonment and millions forced to be immigrants and refugees. In the past few years, Turkey with PKK and its in jailed leader, Abdulla Ó ¦calan, has entered into peace negotiations. This subject is a new opening in Turkish nationalism. The first sign of change was in the speeches of statesmen about the Kurdish ethnic conflict regulation, back in the 1990’s and Ó ¦zal; who believed in a multicultural society for Turkey. The most behavioral and practical changes have been attributable to Erdogan and the AKP administration from 2002 to 2014. This current issue and its effect on the Kurdish political condition in Turkey and other countries and the democratization process in local and regional realms, has become worthy enough for academic research study.

Lasers in Surgery Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Lasers in Surgery      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract: The laser is gaining increasing popularity in the medical field because of its broad application, efficiency, and improvement in overall ease of the procedures in which it is used.. The laser can treat an enormous range of ailments. The chronic nighttime snorer can give those around him relief by a simple procedure with the laser. In dermatology, the laser can be used for removing moles, tattoos, birthmarks, treating wrinkles, and possibly destroying skin cancer. The once dreaded trips to the dentist may become less painful since the laser is helping to replace the drill and Novocain. The laser also is becoming increasingly popular in orthopedics for treating shoulder, knee, and back ailments. For women many gynecological problems ranging from infertility to endometriosis can be treated with the laser. For small, precise work the laser is indispensable such as in the eye. Unfortunately, since laser medicine is still rapidly developing, it h as experienced its pitfalls in some areas like cardiology. Overall, the laser is an invaluable substitute for the scalpel of the past, and the laser's possibilities for the future are broad and promising.    Lasers in Surgery The laser is creating a bloodless revolution. A laser works by using heat to obliterate cells. As it cuts, blood vessels are sealed, and tissue is sterilized. The laser is particularly useful in regions of the body that are difficult to reach. Many types of lasers are used in surgery, and the kind (gas, liquid, solid, visible, or unseen) varies based on the procedure. Choosing the laser to fit the procedure is essential because otherwise damage such as fires, eye harm, a charred cheek, a chipped t... ...ion to use lasers at local hospitals are generally reputable.    Laser surgery is a pioneering field of medicine. The laser is used for some type of procedure in practically every specialty field. Doctors are researching the laser for even more increased use because it provides a noninvasive, quicker, and less painful approach to many procedures. In the future, the laser will become an increasingly common place medical tool.    Bibliography "Laser Surgery Can Stop the Noise." USA Today February 1995: 14-15. McCarthy, Laura Flynn. "Bright Lights of the Medical World." Cosmopolitan May 1995: 262-265. Pringle, Lidia Wasowicz. "Zapping Disease." Vibrant Life July-August 1994: 22-24. "A Ray of Hope for Snorers." Health January-February 1994: 16-17. Rosenbaum, Joshua. "Lasers- Hope or Hype?" American Health June 1994: 68-74.